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Role of Ngos in National Development and Security Free Essays

string(109) " completely free services to communities has been acknowledged and is increasingly coming to the lime light\." THE ROLE OF NGO’S IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND SECURITY By ( IBRAHIM TUDU) Chairman, Zamfara State Coaltion of NGOs, Nigeria email: ibrahimtudu@yahoo. com INTRODUCTION: The term NGO has now become a popular in academic, policy and international cycles. The letters N. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Ngos in National Development and Security or any similar topic only for you Order Now G. O is an abbreviation, which stands for Non-Governmental Organization, literally speaking because they are not formed by the government, not controlled by Government bureaucracy and they do not participate in decision or policy making of Government(s). SOME HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES For a better understanding of the present topic, one needs to have an insight into the history or evolution of NGOs. Community based organization’s evolution dates back decades ago. Some of the then existing voluntary organizations were very small, inexperienced and generally localized and some exist with different names, such as societies and clubs committees which are mostly friends, relations, professional groups, etc. Generally, they lack some relevant organizational capacities, funding and networking. Some of the oldest voluntary organizations established were the Anti-Slave Trade Society established in the year 1840. Another old and still surviving NGO established for humanitarian services was the International Committee for the Red Cross and the Red Crescent, an organization that out dates even the United Nations. It was established in the year 1863. It has played a major role in offering humanitarian services in major wars and conflicts. NGOs globally are developed from the need to coordinate some specifically defined activities and objectives. Beginning from 19th century, Mosques, Churches, Professional, Scientific and Cultural groups formed all kinds of associations that execute the work of NGOs. In the 20th century, specialized bodies started to spring up in such areas like sports, businesses and communications. This paper would now try to fully define the meaning of NGO and also go further to answer some questions on how, why and the need for NGOs, before finally addressing the roles they play in the national development and security which is the topic this paper is designed to address. What is an NGO? Let me begin by asking us this question. What does the term NGO stands for or what is the meaning of an NGO? Even though there is no generally or universally restricted definition of NGO, however let us bring in some definitions by some institutions and international bodies in order to explain more the meaning or the message behind the term NGO. To enable us capture the idea behind the NGOs, four of these definitions would suffice; i. The British Library, for example agrees that NGOs has to do with voluntary participation by average citizen in the affairs of his environment or communities. This is so because there is no imposed membership, control by Government or State. They are now often called Private Voluntary Organizations (PVO). ii. The World Bank, defines NGOs as private organizations that pursue basic social services, or undertake community development services. They in whole or in part depend on charitable donations and offer voluntary services. iii. The United Nations, the present name N. G. O was first coined by the U. N in the year 1945. This was mainly to distinguish them from States and Governments. iv. The International Community generally adopts another name for NGO’s, which is â€Å"Civil Society Organizations†. This is generally because they are being formed by the citizen for the good of society and are generally not for profit. NGOs are known to be legitimately engaged in activities that touch on the lives of their communities. These include economic, social, humanitarian, security and philanthropy. They are nevertheless broad in names and activities depending on their objectives, focus and mode of operation. These include associations, societies, forums, foundations, networks, charities, organizations, trusts, centers, clubs, committees, etc. Why Are NGOs Established? Let us try to address the question or give answers to the reasons on why NGOs are established by communities. The belief that not all areas, activities, fields, needs and services of the communities are perfectly and completely offered or addressed by Governments however highly advanced or principled. This makes the establishment of NGOs absolutely necessary, complimentary and very encouraging in the history and developmental need of any nation. It is generally agreed that human capital is another form of economic capital. Therefore, the vast resources and capacities accumulated by the voluntary, non-profit organizations could not be disregarded. The zeal to serve ones community and offer services to the poor and the needy or participate in developmental activities or other humanitarian and relief services are some of the motivating factors that give rise to the establishment of NGOs. Recently, the activities of NGOs are on the rise, they are at the forefront in the fight for good governance, accountability and transparency by public office holders. So many factors and challenges have caused like minded eople to unite and forge common front on some issues of the day ranging from the quest for offering social services to the people, to offering relief, humanitarian and emergency services. So also the issue of globalization, environment and anti war issues has united communities. Between 1945 to 1995, the number of NGOs has increased astronomically. Currently, even in the absence of accurate data of the number of NGOs worldwide, one can safely say that their proliferation is directly associated with the coming of new technology, communication and the Internet. On the average, a new NGOs is created somewhere in the world every day. Generally, it is our opinion that the number of CBO and NGOs in a particular locality, state or nation providing non-profit services in a very healthy development which should not be over looked by any state or government. More recently, there has been growing interest in the activities of NGOs not only in Nigeria but worldwide. How Does NGOs Operate? Worldwide, the activities and contribution of NGOs to societies through their participation and providing inexpensive, value driven and usually completely free services to communities has been acknowledged and is increasingly coming to the lime light. You read "Role of Ngos in National Development and Security" in category "Papers" Even though, NGOs operate in different capacities and with numerous objectives, motivation and focus. Generally they work as pressure groups, watchdogs and developmental organizations. The United Nations for example has found it very necessary to deal with NGOs. In fact, the term NGO as earlier explained was coined by the U. N. after the WW II. Since then it has extended the ways and principles of it engagement with the NGOs by expanding and improving the way it works with them. The British and American Governments have also created a variety of regional assemblies and grouping to try to bring more people and communities into ctive participation in democratization and other major campaigns. The International Community uses numerous names to describe NGOs. These names include: Non- partisan organizations, not-for-profit, Watchdogs, Pressure Groups, Voluntary Sector, Complimentary Institutions, Stakeholders, Non State Actors, Bridge Builders, Development Partners, Grassroots Organizati ons, Community Based Organizations, Private Voluntary Organizations, Peoples Organization, Value Driven Organizations, Third Sector of the Economy, etc. The world of NGOs has continued to widen and assume more dimension and relevance today. LEGAL STATUS OF NGOs The right to establish, create or form an NGO is a fundamental human right that belong to the individuals or group of people and are not bestowed on the States or Governments. These rights are derived from the fundamental rights of an individual, group or community to free speech and association that exist in almost all civilized constitutions. However, even though NGOs have right to exist and operate as informal organizations, a crucial part of the enabling environment for NGOs requires them to incorporate and acquire formal or legal personality or status this would in turn protect the principles of such NGOs from personal liability for the affairs of the organization, such as contracts, debts or legal action. In Nigeria, for example, Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) is the body charged with the power to register NGOs that desire to operate in Nigeria. CAC derives its powers from the Companies and Allied Matters Decree No. I part C, which took effect from 2nd January 1990. So also States and Local Governments have departments of Social and Community Development and that of Youth and Sports Ministries overseeing the registration of NGOs. AN IDEAL NGO It is expected that every organization should meet some certain requirements in order to engage in legitimate activities as opposed to criminal and illegitimate groups. An ideal NGO is expected to among other things abide by the following: – †¢ To be registered with relevant authorities at the Local, State or National levels depending on the level of operation. To have a well articulated constitution or articles of association or charter. †¢ To have an executive body, and an open and simple criteria for membership or volunteers. †¢ To have an office, correspondence addresses like; post office box, telephone, email, fax, etc. †¢ To have clear and well-defined mission, vision or aims and objectives. †¢ To engage in programmes a nd activities that helped the community. †¢ To have a clean, transparent and verifiable sources of funds for their activities. †¢ To have a leadership, organogram and well established channel of communication. To have very good rappour with their community, other organizations and relevant authorities. CATEGORIES OF NGOs Even though their activities are sometimes similar and aimed at development, NGOs differ in so many ways and aspects. They can be safely categorized into various groupings. They can be CBOs, FBOs, and they can also be INGOs. The World Bank for example classified NGOs into 3 main groups, they are: – a. Community Based organizations (CBO); these are NGOs that are based or directly in touch with the Local communities and usually set up by the communities themselves, e. g. CODEC, CDF, PAMUHE in Zamfara State. b. State NGOs (SNGO) National NGOs (NNGO); these organizations as the name implies operate as State or at national level in their countries of origin e. g. GLONIJ, FOMWAN, PEDO in Zamfara State etc c. International (INGOs); there are typically in developed countries and they usually carryout their activities in more than one country e. g. CARE, OXFAM, etc. Some of the other categories also include; d. BINGO; Business Oriented International NGOs. e. RINGO; Religious International NGOs. f. FBNGO; Faith Based NGOs. g. ENGO; Environmental NGOs. . GONGO; Government Operated NGOs. i. QUANGO; Quasi –autonomous NGOs. Further sub-divisions are also possible; Active NGOs; these are the ones that strive to address the root causes of societal problems they stage programmes that even attract the media. They are either advocacy, service or development oriented. In active NGOs; These are the less functional ones that have less or no funding whatsoever bu t attend conferences, seminars and workshops. Brief Case NGOs; These are usually one-man show often described as â€Å"Portfolio Type† or a collection of â€Å"Family Business Groups†. Umbrella Organizations for NGOs exist with names like; Networks; These are groups of NGOs from different areas, states or regions that comes from different backgrounds but working in the same field but not necessary the same focus and mission. e. g Cisnan Coalitions; these are umbrella organizations that consist of different NGOs working in different fields of human endevour. They are of differing focus, objectives and missions but they are united for the betterment of their causes and social welfare. e. g Zacons Who fund NGOs? There are a number of funding sources or bodies working with different NGOs. They may be categorizes in the following; 1. Self- Funding; Registration fees, Dues, Levies, Donations, Investments Returns, etc. 2. Local, State or Federal Governments; Naca, Zamsaca, etc 3. Foreign Governments; Like the U. S (USAID), U. K (DFID), E. U, etc. 4. UN Agencies; UNDP, UNICEF, WHO, UNIFEM, etc 5. International NGOs; Global Fund, Oxfam, AAIN, etc 6. Philanthropies/Foundations; Ford Foundation, Rock feller Foundation, Carnegie Foundation, Heinrich Foundation, Melinda Gates Foundation, Packard Foundation, Macarthur Foundation, etc THE ROLE OF NGOs IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT After casting a picture of what NGOs are by showing how they operate and why they are established, we can now safely delve into their contributions national development. NGOs as non state actors, have played and are stilling playing very important and major role in initiating and supporting various Local, National and International developmental activities. To make sense out of this, one may digress a little to show how NGOs are also playing their role internationally. For example concerted campaigns, enormous pressure and actions by States together with NGOs led to the establishment of the International Court of Justice. Globally, NGOs have impacted direct and meaningful involvement in shaping the international agenda at the United Nations and regional levels through remarkable negotiations. NGOs are found in international and regional committees. They also contributed in the MDG and NEEDs programme. They are also engaged as partners in United Nations Agencies such as the UNEP, UNFAO, UNDP, UNCTAP and UNCHR. But since this is outside the scope of this paper there is no need to go further. NOW WHAT IS THE MEANING OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT? To understand the contribution of NGOs to National Development especially in Nigeria, we need to acquaint ourselves with the meaning of the term National Development. Development of any nation is defined by the advanced learners Dictionary as that nation’s process of changing and evolving pattern of becoming larger, stronger, more successful or more advanced. ‘The Roles of Civil Society and Citizen organizations (in national development) are becoming better understood around the world,† says Martin Sime, Chief Executive Officer the Scottish Council of Voluntary Organizations. NGOs has been over the past decade ahead of government on many key issues of our times,† said Mr. Naidoo an Executive social worker. Another separate testimony by Mr. Mario â€Å"Whether we take the issue of land mines, environment, HIV/AIDS, global poverty agenda, gender equity, civil society’s impact is quite significant and remarkable in terms of facing difficult challenges of our time and putting forth solutions that are more bold, more courageous and more innovative than many who are constrained by their political office† says Mario Lubetkin, Director General of the Inter Press Service (IPS). Even though NGOs as oppose to Governments, are well outside decision-making machinery of Governments, they have proved as dependable partners in the formulation of policies and programmes whenever consulted by Governments. Let us now list some areas of contribution by NGOs. 1. NGOs have contributed immensely in monitoring and exposing bad governance, corruption, child trafficking, etc. 2. They have also served as think tanks and resource base for training, capacity, research and advocacy, project planning and execution. 3. Many NGOs have gained the trust of people and Governments, so the Governments machinery has begun to engage and dialogue with them thereby tapping their expertise and skills. NGOs are now no longer considered adversaries but partners in progress. 4. NGOs have had significant progress in raising public awareness on almost any issue that arose. This they do through increased campaigns, sensitization, information collection and data analysis. 5. They have forged ties and engaged in fruitful partnership and networking among themselves. This has boosted cooperation, unity and more developmental services they render to the people. . They have played significant role in shaping the debate for sustainable development. They execute concrete projects and advocate for the formal participation of women in division making. 7. NGOs are contributing immensely in the attainment of environmental justice through protection of social, economic and environmental rights. 8. They have contributed in MDG, NEEDs, Micro credit scheme and poverty alleviation. NGOs in Zamfara State that are affiliated and members of the coalition have contributed to the development of Zamfara States in many ways and at different levels. Currently, NGOs have employed a number of youth both male and female as full time development staff and some on office routine. They can also boost of the largest collection of humanitarian volunteers from communities, civil services and the business sector. NGOs in the state have executed a lot of projects totaling more than 30 millions naira in the past 3 years alone. More then 60 projects in the area of education, health and good governance were executed in Zamfara State. NGOs have exalted themselves in areas of exchange of ideas and information. They have engaged in a number of capacity building workshops and other International Forums. NGOs have attended and represented Zamfara State in a number of seminars, workshops and conferences. In the past few years NGOs in Zamfara can boost of accomplishing the following as their own contribution to state and national development; 1. Enhancing Girls Basic Education in Communities LGAs in Zamfara State. 2. Peer Education, Kasaurara II Project in 12 Northern States. 3. Self help Community Development Projects, 4. Construction of Culverts and Drainages, 5. Participation in Environmental Sanitation Programme. 6. Quiz competition on Radio and T. V among Youth in the State. 7. Sensitization and Awareness on the Annual Hajj exercise. 8. Sensitization workshops on Reproductive Health issues. 9. Organizing of Leadership training courses. 10. Construction of Community Primary School in Tudun Wada, 11. Renovation of Boreholes. 12. Quarterly Training of Trainers Programme on HIV/AIDS. 13. Publication of Books and Journals for Adult and Children 14. Monitoring of Census and Election. 15. Youth and Women Skills training in Zamfara 16. Provision of Care and Support for PLHVA 17. Provision of Emergency and First Aid services. 18. Research Projects on Child Begging and offering solution 19. Sensitization workshop on HIV to opinion leaders. 20. Public Enlightenment of Women on current issues 21. Provision of Public Pumps at U/Zabarma, Gusau 22. Organization of Inter-Secondary Schools Debate 23. Participation in Tree Planting Campaign. 24. Staging of Conflict mitigation workshops 25. Provision of HIV Resource Centre. 26. Sensitization on Affirmative Action for Women 27. Provision of Micro Credit to Women 28. Budget Tracking Workshops 29. Launching of VCT centers and Hotlines in the State In Zamfara State NGOs can be found in different communities set up to work at Local, State and National Levels. This is in recognition of the role they can play in giving useful advises, constructive criticism and sound policy decisions. WHAT ARE THE ROLES PLAYED BY NGOs IN NATIONAL SECURITY Again let us address the term and notion of security and national security before indicating the role the NGOs play in ensuring national Security. In a summary National Security as defined by Wikipedia, the internet encyclopedia refers to the public policy of ensuring the survival and integrity of the nation state through the use of economic, social and military power and the exercise of diplomacy in both peace and war time. The strategy used or employed by the states to protect national security is numerous. They include the use of diplomacy to rally allies and isolate threats; marshalling economic power to facilitate or compel cooperation of the enemy. Others measures include the use of intelligence and network of agents to depend, defeat or avoid threats and espionage and protect classified information. However, national security does entirely and solely depend on the military power or population of a nation but the social well being of the people of a nation. The components that make up national security include the following: – i. Food security ii. Economic security iii. Political security iv. Social security As indicated above, the notion of national security does not only mean the enforcement of laws and security operations. National security is a collective and relative name. It does not only means enforcement of fear or restoration of Security, but the elimination of all sources of insecurity, which must include the provision of all of the above components. The NGOs helped in no small measure in the maintenance of each of the three mentioned security components. Let us try and list them in this order; i. Food Security: NGO’s most visible role and contribution is in the fight against hunger, unemployment and poverty. They perform so well in these areas by demanding for good policies by governments on the issues of tackling poverty. They help in getting food to the hungry and the needy through humanitarian services, philanthropy, charity and endowments. â€Å"A hungry man they say is indeed an angry man and conversely a source of insecurity†. ii. Economic Security: Through the pursuance of good economic policies by governments the NGOs press for economic reforms and better economic measure to ensure a secure economy that buttress businesses and other economic activities. NGOs are in the forefront in the fight for accountability, transparency and equity by public and private office holders. iii. Political Security: In the public and leadership arena, NGOs are in the forefront in the fight for good governance, democracy and human development. NGOs engage leaders and public office holders by ensuring public based legislation, participation and equal opportunities are provided. v. Social Security: This is one of the most and very important components of national security. Ensuring social cohesion, integration, participation, efficient and adequate distribution of social services and amenities. NGOs also help in the fight for equal opportunities and employment that are integral to their activities not only nationally but also globally. On the health sector the NGOs has reacted to HIV/AIDs, Malaria and Tuberculosis with unprecedented attention and dispatch it deserves. NGOs IN WAR AND PEACE As generally believed, peace is not only the absence of war but a state of maximum security free from all forms of fear. Conversely, there is no security without peace. NGOs offer their services in peacetime and also offer humanitarian services in events of emergencies such as epidemics, earthquakes and other natural or man made disasters. NGOs contribute in no small measure in times of peace and security. This becomes evidently clear in the sense that NGOs themselves help in bridging gaps, resolution of conflicts and public enlightenment on contentious issues. Even though there some NGOs whose formation and activities draws some security concerns, one may hasten to say that those NGOs only strive as a result of inadequate security and failure of governments to provide checks and balances which fuels their existence and increase their activities. These â€Å"NGOs† may include extreme pressure groups, armed freedom fighters, criminal gangs, rebels, cultist, syndicates, cartels, ethnic and racial movements, nationalist fighters, etc. Therefore these organizations should be carefully separated from developmental and progressive NGOs. Even though the above voluntary and community organizations may be initially established or formed by a law abiding community and legally, but later their activities may draw some special concerns, fears and security threats. Generally a good NGO should contribute and argument the effort of their communities, localities, states and nation in their chosen areas of operations. NGOs IN LAW ENFORCEMENT AND SECURITY There are numerous NGOs that are found in uniform or out of uniform that help security services in the maintenance of law and order. They participate in confronting emergencies by providing assistants and First Aid support. . g. Red Cross, Red Crescent, Man ‘O’ War Bay, Civil Defense, Volunteer Forces, Scouts, Girls Guide, Boys Brigades, etc. CONCLUSION: One painful fact still remains that security networks and by extension their Governments have not yet recognized and appreciated the huge reserve of knowledge, capacity and resources resident within the voluntary sector that can contribute to their policies and programmes towards National development. On their part, some NGOs underestimated their relevance and the role they can play in National Development and Security through engaging Governments at all levels on all issues. Criticisms of NGOs from some quarters that are either not direct recipient of their services or are ignorant of the role they are playing in national development also abound. They are being called all sorts of names that include; they are self appointed, undemocratic, answer to no constituency, encroaches on National and International laws, long arm of their sponsoring partners, resembles multinationals, chase disasters, proponents of western values, aggressive organizations, extremist, etc. Whatever the criticism, it is evidently clear that nationally and Internationally, political and economic developments has risen with the rise and rise of NGOs, Civil Organizations has become a vital link and force for social change. They put people first before profit; they put food first before reserve or politicking. The bottom line is that, the work of NGOs which is the provision of socio-economic needs of the people as well as caring for their well being are also the key elements in any development and security effort of any nation. The security of people must starts from meeting their human needs. This implies that social amenities such as shelter, education, health and other infrastructural materials and the elimination of economic inequality are part of security. All of the above cannot be secured unless and until we have good governance, democracy, peace, security and sustainable national development. Fortunately, these are exactly what the NGOs are fighting for and were known for globally. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The Author of the paper holds HND in Printing Technology from Kaduna Polytechnic in 1989. He worked in the private sector and was one time Managing Director Nasiha Professional Printers, Sokoto and Zamfara States. He was also the Press Manager, Mazan – Fara Printing Press, Gusau. He worked in the public sector and was the Chief Superintendent of Press, Survey Division, Ministry of Lands and Survey, Zamfara State. He also served NGOs in different capacities: Executive Member, Muslim Students Society, Kaduna Polytechnic Branch, Secretary General, Joint Youth Islamic Organizations, Zamfara State. Currently he is the Secretary General, Global Network for Islamic Justice, Zamfara State, Executive Director, Partnership for Muslim Health, Zamfara State, Chairman, Coalition of Non-Governmental Organizations, Zamfara State, President, Association of Nigeria Authors, Zamfara State Chapter. He has attended so many seminars and conferences both at national and international levels. The Author is currently employed with the Zamfara State Zakat and Endowment Board, in the position of Director Zakat Collection. SOME ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED AAN-Action Aid Nigeria CSACEFA-Civil Society Action Coalition on Education for All. CISHNAN-Civil Society Network on HIV/AIDS. DFID-Department for International Development. SFH-Society for Family Health SACA-State Action Committee on Aids USAID-United State Agency for International Development CODEC-Community Development Centre NACA-National Action Committee on Aids CISCOPE-Civil Society Action Coalition on Poverty Eradication GLONIJ-Global Network For Islamic Justice UNDP-United Nations Development Programme NEEDS-National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy IDASA-Institute of Democracy South Africa. ZASCON-Zamfara State Coalition of NGO’s AAIN-Action Aid International SEEDS-State Economic Empowerment Development Strategy TMG-Transition Monitoring Group PLWHA-People Living with HIV/AIDS CARE-Cooperative Assistant for Relief Everywhere REFERENCE The rise and rise of NGOs – Peter Hall-Jones, Public Services International, May, 2006. NGOs the self appointed altruist – Sam Vakain, Ph. D – 2005 The role of Egypt C. S. O in Development Reform – USEF Panel Discussion Notes, 2004. Categorizing NGOs; – World Bank Criteria. Towards an enabling legal environment for CSO – Sixteenth Annual John Hopkins International Fellows in Philanthropy Conference, Nairobi, Kenya. NGOs – Wikipeadia; the free encyclopedia. C. S. O Democratic oversight of the security sector – Macina Caparini, DCAF, International Security Forum Zurich, 2002. How to cite Role of Ngos in National Development and Security, Papers

Child free essay sample

In my own setting a relationship with the carers is sustained by making them feel welcome in the setting, carers should be greeted by their name and practitioners wearing name badges could help so new staff will know who they are or a notice board with all staff pictures and information about their role. To develop and sustain partnership with carers the following could help: Valuing diverse family backgrounds- lots of different types of families love and care for children correctly by letting the parent come into the class in the morning while they drop their child off to give them the chance to see their child play and to have the chance to talk to the staff about their child and anything they think the staff will need to know. The staff are very welcoming and always talking to the parents about how their child is getting on with their learning and needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Child or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Photos are also taking to for the children doing art work or anything they are doing and are sent home to the parents so they feel that they have a insight in what their child gets up to in the setting. t is everyone responsibility to make sure the children are safe. Its the manager that is responsible for any equipment that is broke is repaired and meets the safety requirements. For every setting that has children under 16 years old for more than two hours a day need to follow Ofsteds standards these will include. Safe play equipment that needs to be checked by the manager so that no harm is done if its broke. If it is broke the manager will then get it fixed. clean and well maintained- To make sure all surfaces, toilets, kitchen, garden and all play areas are clean and cleaned with the right cleaning material Outdoor and indoor work surfaces be stable. There should be regular fire drills so that everyone knows what to do. Smoke alarms should be regularly checked. If theres any fires there should be a fire guard in front of it and any radiators should have radiator cover over them. There has to be room temperatures for every room children are in 15- 18c and babies room should be 20- 22c its important not to have the room to cold or to hot. To have the right supply of drinking water, hot and cold. every setting the right ratio of adults to children. Need to have a safe supply of gas and electricity. All access points need to clear and keep unlocked at all times. all areas need to be well lit for ensure everyone can see properly. child safety plugs in all plug points. Needs to have the right insurance. Childeren over the age of 2 that are founded need to regulated by ofsted and the eyfs. Ofsted infulance how a nursery settings is operated

Paragraph Presentation Homosexuality Nature or Nu Essays

Paragraph Presentation Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture? by Jaime Yap I am interested in the topic of nature or nurture because I want to find out if homosexuality is biologically influenced or socially cultivated in order to understand how one ' s sexual orientation is developed. There is a social change that has been brought on by the revolution of attitudes towards homosexuality, leading to the increase of legalization of same-sex marriages in North America. Shifting the public ' s view of the LGBT community is one of the biggest changes in our generation, as what was thought to be morally wrong 20 years ago is now more widely accepted in society today. Having friends in the LGBT community, I feel passionately about the issues they face as I have witnessed the struggles they had to overcome due to the negative perception that society has formed about same-sex relationships. Our conversations about determining sexual identities led me to ask th ese questions: Are we all born into our genders? Or do we define our sexuality based on our own free will and social circumstances? I believe in the understanding and acceptance of people from different walks of life. As stated in Maslow ' s Hierarchy of Needs, a sense of love and acceptance needs to be fulfilled before one can achieve self-actualization and I think that the conservative laws that are irrelevant in the increasingly liberal world we live in today. To write this paper, I will be reviewing literature and looking for statistics, research papers and academic journals from databases available in the school library as well as Google. An example would be SOCIndex and JSTOR. I expect to find theoretical evidence that sexual orientation is defined by a biological process or by social influences. Given the nature of this study, I feel that a study of statistics and research papers would be more fitting and thus will not be conducting any pers onal interviews with subjects. I will also be applying sociological concept of symbolic interactionism to the research I have found. For example, how the socialization of an individual can affect their gender identity due to religion or family upbringing. Diamond M. Lisa (1998) Development of Sexual Orientation Among Adolescent and Young Adult Women. Childhood indicators of sexual orientation. Lesbians recalled having feminine childhoods as compared to heterosexual women who remembered being tomboys ' when they were younger. The limitations of this study could include a lack in factors identified in different case studies on homosexual behaviour, such as social status, family background, income level, education level and whether they have homosexual influences around them. The sampling size of the research could also affect the credibility of the information as a small number of test subjects may not accurately represent the society as a whole. The information collected could also be limited to the geographical location of where it was taken from as this may differ across the globe. I do not expect to draw a final conclusion regarding whether homosexuality is in-born or socially cultivated as I do not believe there can be a definite answer to this debate. It is hard to explicitly pinpoint the genesis of homosexuality, but I will contribute my own criticism at the end of the paper. Also, looking into this topic would allow me to broaden my knowledge about the social issues faced by our generation today.

Looking At The Social Problem Of Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Essays

Looking At The Social Problem Of Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Essays Looking At The Social Problem Of Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Essay Looking At The Social Problem Of Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Essay After seeking the Virginia.gov web site and the cyberspace for resources, the province of Virginia offers wide resources to those in domestic fortunes. They define domestic force as a behaviour of one member of the household ruling another member through the usage of force. Family Violence is another term used alternatively of domestic force because it involves the kids as good. In add-on, Virginia does non hold anything laid out specifically for merely male victims. However, they do hold resources and thoughts for those both adult females and work forces who are victims of domestic differences ( Virginia section of Social Services ) . Since, the major concern of domestic maltreatment is the kids or kid, the victim of the maltreatment should name 911. The constabulary in this province are required to respond to the call and do an apprehension if there is adequate likely cause that banging has taken topographic point. They are besides supposed to bespeak an Emergency Protective Order if they think the victim in is farther danger. The protective order will form the maltreater to remain off and halt mistreating the victim. This order may non be the best because people do non needfully travel with the regulations and can happen ways around them. Last, if a victim of maltreatment does non desire to name the bull for fright of acquiring caught there are a assortment of topographic points Virginia offers: churches in the community, homeless shelters, victim-witness plan, section of societal services, local domestic force or sexual assault plans and the Virginia household force Hotline ( Virginia section of Social Services ) . Furthermore, the plans in Virginia are both federal and province funded that provide services to those victims and kids who have survived domestic force. They besides provide protection for kids and battered grownups through many things. There is exigency lodging for those who have been badly hurt and are in danger of being hurt once more. This besides this protects possible kids from besides being abused. Second, they offer peer guidance for instances that are non so terrible and can be changed if they speak up approximately jobs that result to opprobrious behaviour. Third, there is crisis intercession that interferes in the twosome s lives in order to do the state of affairs better or for the crisis centres to see how bad the maltreatment is and find what to make with the victim. Last, plans provide support for subsisters and public consciousness to do others cognize about domestic force and how to place behaviours that lead to force. Finally, the support created by the plans are t he foundations of the Family Violence Hotline that anyone can make 24 hours a twenty-four hours. The first service Virginia offers is the Virginia Family Violence and Sexual Assault Hotline ( 1-800-838-8238 ) . This is a free, confidential, statewide, 24 hr service to supply support, information and intercession to those victims of spouse force and sexual assault. The hotline is really utile because it provides information every bit good as support for those who have survived domestic force every bit good as the household and friends of those who have been abused. In add-on, the hotline offers links to local shelters and other human resource bureaus to assist with whatever they need. If the company wants written information, the hotline will give them resource packages every bit good as booklets with information on domestic force and maltreatment. Another plan sponsored by Virginia is Project RADAR. Basically, this undertaking helps to measure and avoid confidant spouse force in a wellness scene. When you come right down to it, the plan helps the victim or former victim in about the same manner as the hotline would. They give out information and consciousness every bit good as ways to acknowledge and react to the force. However, the one thing that differs from the hotline is that Radar: R-routinely ask about present and past force, A-ask specific inquiries, D-document findings, A-asses safety and R-review options and recommendations ( Virginia Department of Health ) . This is good quality stuff because it is acquiring into the head of the victim. Not to advert, it is acquiring to the nucleus, the centre of the job, when it began, how it happens by inquiring specific inquiries and so give options on how to maintain that victim safe and out of injury. Following, Virginia has a household abuse protective order that helps the members of the members of the household from opprobrious behaviour of another. It is a partnership of bureaus and people who devote themselves to stoping sexual and domestic force. The plan has been in Virginia for 25 old ages and still traveling. Harmonizing to the VSDVAA web site, Each twelvemonth in Virginia, more than 74,000 protective orders are issued by Judgess and magistrates ( VSDVAA ) . The people who take attention of the protective orders work with other webs in order to do Virginia safer. Learning new thoughts and conveying them into your province is ever a good thing. Therefore, non merely are they educating others but themselves every bit good. The more educated people are about the topic the more services can be done with domestic force. In add-on, they educate people of the community on how to halt those who were hurt by any sort of force every bit good as doing certain there are necessary resources available to them all. Last, since the services are so wide for adult females and work forces, Virginia made a list of all the shelters to travel to in the province at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sboard.org/SHELTERS/VA.HTM. this is a list of all the shelters in the province of Virginia whether it be south, north, west or east. It covers every portion of the province and includes phone Numberss, references and the name of the shelters and crisis centres. This is good for those who are being abused to happen out where to travel and who to name. However, the individual who is making the abusing can easy happen this web site and happen where their partner or important other could be. Furthermore, the site besides was non on the province web site and you had to seek on GOOGLE to happen out where to travel. However, work forces who are abused by adult females normally suffer in silence. Although they possess the same qualities as female victims, adult females are given more services and work forces get stereotyped. Men acquire overlooked in the domestic force field of survey and involvement. Females who abuse work forces kick, clout, bite or utilize arms against their work forces. In malice of this, the work forces are non weak or smaller in size but they do non utilize it to their advantage and ache back. In malice of this, Virginia does non hold anything specific for work forces who are abused by adult females. Everything is more grownups who are abused so it gives others the thought that it is for both adult females and work forces. However, after naming one of the hotlines, most services are for adult females and they do non have many calls from abused work forces and that it was really uncommon. If they did have a call like that, they would direct the work forces to a homeless shel ter or societal services for more information. It seems that since society says that existent work forces should be in control of his married woman that less and less work forces are describing maltreatment. They likely feel that no 1 would take them earnestly if they admit that a adult female is crushing on them or they would acquire titillated and laughed at for leting maltreatment to go on. Consequently, there was a site dedicated to the LGBT community in Virginia. It was non listed on the province web site and I besides had to seek the cyberspace awhile to happen this web site. The web site was speaking about often asked inquiries in the LGBT community sing domestic force. Same-sex spouses are eligible for household maltreatment protective orders but with limitations. In Virginia, a family member includes twosomes that live together within the past 12 months. However, the tribunals of Virginia do non specifically specify what it means to live together but it applies to single twosomes with an confidant relationship. Besides, since the jurisprudence does non province whether same-sex twosomes are included, it technically does non except them either. The web site besides spoke about how most victims of domestic force in same-sex relationships were non able to acquire a protective order because they were same-sex spouses. Since they are important for safety, one must seek advice from an lawyer. On the other manus, if they are non populating together, they could acquire a still hunt protective order. They are non every bit preferred as the household maltreatment 1s but they are helpful to the victim. Last, if a justice does non give a same-sex spouse a protective order so they must make one of three things you can make. You can reach the local domestic force plan for aid. However, since same-sex spouses are labeled harshly, they may non experience like reaching them. Therefore, the maltreater may desire to reach the Action Alliance hotline at 800-838-8238. If they do non desire to make that, they can reach the Anti-Violence Project at Equality Virginia at 804-643-4816. This is the best stake because they work to stop force in the LGBT communities. Last of all, the web site did non offer any topographic points to travel for shelter but they did offer hotlines for aid and knowledge on what to make ( LGBTQ Community ) . All in all, happening information was non truly that hard. Not everything was on the Virginia province web site and I had to seek the cyberspace for certain things. However, links were coming up but non that many. Virginia is more adult females focused and has more to offer those of the LGBT community than for consecutive work forces. Last, the maps of the Domestic Violence Prevention Programs are to acquire knowledge out about domestic force and bar, aid subsisters and their households, dispense support for the remainder of the services throughout Virginia and to supply aid to other local domestic force bureaus throughout Virginia for informations aggregation. Virginia is making all it can to assist the people who are describing their maltreatment nevertheless, they could make more for the minority groups every bit good. Domestic Violence is a turning country of involvement and it will maintain turning unless services are taken earnestly and are made for everyone.

Attachment in the United States and Amae in Japan Essay Example for Free

Attachment in the United States and Amae in Japan Essay Culture enables people to adjust to their physical as well as social environment. Culture enables the members of society to develop ways of coping with the exigencies of nature as well as ways of harnessing their environment. People also have to learn to relate themselves with others in order to survive. As Schwartz (1998:48) pointed out, the culture of any society represents an adaptation or adjustment to the various conditions of life, including their physical, social, and supernatural environment. No culture is completely static. Every culture is in constant flux; and the changes represent adjustments to the environment. Culture changes at different rates. The changes occur as a result of discoveries, inventions, and cultural borrowing. In some areas, control of the natural environment has been pursued to a point that the society has become endangered. Natural resources, such as bodies of water, forests, plant and animal life and minerals, have been so exploited that the environment is close to destruction. The acceptance of change depends on the exposure of the members of society to new ideas and ways different from their own and their opportunity to accept ideas and ways through diffusion. United States and Japan are belonging to different continents, locations and have different set of people; however, these two countries have similarities in some ways. Its people adapt and practice different cultures. Its culture shapes the behaviors and characteristics of its people that will make them noticeable that these groups of people are come from United States and Japan. Thesis Statement: This study will conduct a cross cultural psychology comparison of Attachment in the United States and Amae in Japan; thus, describes its functions, similarities and differences. II. Discussion A. Its culture, similarities and differences o United States There are a lot of groups of people that reside in United States; whites made up 83. 2 percent of the populations; blacks 11. 7 percent; American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts 0. 6 percent; Asian and Pacific Islanders 1. 5 percent; and other nonwhites 3. 0 percent. The nonwhite groups are concentrated in various parts of the country. Freedom in matters of education and the right of every child to have an education are basic principles in the United States. Unlike many other nations, the United States does not have a central or federal system of education, Establishing and administering public schools is one of the powers exercised by each state (Fritsch, 2001). The state, in turn, delegates much of this responsibility to local school districts. Literacy in the United States is high just like in Japan. In comparison to Japan (which only has two major religions), no other country in the world has a greater variety of religions, communions, denominations, and sects than the United States. More than 220 religious bodies report membership figures. Nearly all branches of Christianity and almost all Protestant denominations are represented. Japan and United States has the same views when it comes to religion (Katzman, 2003). The United States also believe that religious freedom and separation of church and state should be made. Government cannot interfere with religion or show preference for one religion over another. It cannot set up an official, or established, church, nor give support to any religion or to all religions. In the early days of the republic, United States artists and writers were generally regarded as inferior to those in Europe. Be the end of the 19th century, however, an independent national literature of high quality had been established by renowned writers (O’Neill, 2004). Music in the United States was strongly influenced by European music, and study in Europe was considered a necessary part of musical training far into the 20th century. America’s most influential contribution to music was jazz, a form originated by blacks and based on African rhythms. The musical which evolved from burlesque and operetta, was another American innovation. For many years, architects in the United States simply adapted European styles to American climate, landscape, and materials. The favorable economic position and amount of leisure enjoyed by the people of the United States give them unusual opportunities for recreation. Paid vacations became the rule for most industrial and office workers. The most popular outdoor spectator sports are football and baseball. Horse racing and automobile racing have large followings (Kurelek, 2005). o Japan The Japanese people are largely of Mongoloid stock, but little is known about their specific origin. Successive groups of migrating Asians from the mainland are believed to have settled on the islands some time before 300 A. D. Confronting them were the islands’ earliest known inhabitants— the Ainus, a Japanese people have developed from the mingling of these different ethnic groups. Only a few hundred full-blooded Ainus remain, on Hokkaido. Japanese culture is partly of Chinese origin and partly indigenous, for the Japanese adapted and did not merely imitate the culture of the mainland. Since the middle of the 19th century, Japan has been influenced more by the culture of Western countries than by that of its neighbors (Morton, 2004). Adoption of many Western ways produced sharp contrasts between the new and the old. Buildings and clothing, for example, are now seen in both traditional and Western styles. Among forces that have helped to mold the Japanese character are Buddhist, Shinto, and Confucian religious beliefs, the effects of a long feudal period, and the influences of the Japanese industrial revolution. With industrialization came a change from rural to urban living. American influences have been particularly strong since World War II (Smith, 2005). Moreover, its art has been strongly influenced too by Chinese art. From the mainland came the technique of ink painting on silk and the Buddhist influences in sculpture and painting. Flourishing throughout Japan are no, classical plays in which the actors wear masks depicting their character; bunraku, puppet plays; and kabuki, drama with stylized chanting and dancing. An important part of Japanese culture is the tea ceremony, a highly formal ritual, of which there are many variations. As a way of entertaining guests, it is regarded as the best expression of traditional etiquette. Some of the traditional arts—especially classical Japanese music and dance and the tea ceremony—are part of the repertoire of geisha, female entertainers who perform for groups of men. In addition, the family is a traditional and strong institution in Japan. It has a formal structure with authority vested in the male head of the family. The wife is expected to be subservient. Children learn discipline and their respective roles in the family at an early age. Sons are given preference over daughters, and the eldest son is superior to all others (Elkin, 2004). However, many of the more repressive aspects of the family, such as that of parents determining marriages, have weakened since World War II. Japanese homes are noted for their simplicity. Nearly all are built of wood. In many homes, paper-covered wooden frames, called shoji, are used for windows and doors. Being light and easily moved, they allow much of the house to be opened to the out-of-doors. Some homes are adjoined by landscaped gardens. Rooms usually have thick mats, called tatami, on the floor and very little furniture (Elkin, 2004). With regards to Japanese language and religion, the Japanese language is unrelated to other Oriental tongues. However, it is written in characters that originally adapted from Chinese writing. Furthermore, like in the United States, the Japanese constitution provides for freedom of religion and separation of church and state. The two major religions are Shinto and Buddhism. Many Japanese adhere, in varying degrees, to both. With regards to their education, six years elementary education and three of lower secondary school are free and compulsory for children 6 to 15 years of age. At the three-year upper secondary schools, tuition is charged. Education in Japan is highly competitive, and admission to upper secondary school and to college is determined by rigorous entrance examination. As a result, many Japanese children spend their after-school hours attending jukas, â€Å"cram† schools that specialize in preparing students for entrance examinations and other school tests. Japan has virtually no illiteracy (Christopher, 2003). III. Conclusion In conclusion, as I study the two different cultures, I have realized that United States and Japan have some similarities when it comes to their origin. Japan was most influenced by the Westerners and its origin was contributed by other indigenous groups and so is with United States. Everything that we can see from the Japanese and American culture are already been modified by other influences. However, in spite of the strong adaptation of different culture, Japanese remained their being family-oriented. They value the essence of having a united family; thus, a well-structured family role is formed so that each member can have its function. Unlike with the United States, it is very much influenced by the European settlers and based their competencies in European countries. Its culture is more focused on its development to the extent that internal competencies are suffered. I would say that Japanese culture is superb compared to United States because Japan is able to maintain their traditional ways in spite of economic development. 1. Fritsch, A. J. (2001). The Ethnic Atlas of the United States (Facts on File). 2. Katzman, D. M. (2003). Plain Folks: the Life Stories of Undistinguished Americans (University of Illinois). 3. O’Neill, Thomas. (2003). Back Roads America: a Portfolio of Her People (National Geographic Society). 4. Kurelek, William (2005). They Sought a New World: the Story of European Immigration to North America (Tundra Books). 5. Morton, W. S. (2004). Japan: Its History and Culture (McGraw-Hill). 6. Smith, R. J. (2005). Japanese Society: Tradition, Self, and the Social Order (Cambridge University). 7. Elkin, Judith. (2004). A Family in Japan (Lerner). 8. Christopher, R. C. (2003). The Japanese Mind: the Goliath Explained (Linden Press). Attachment in the United States and Amae in Japan. (2017, Feb 16).

A critical study of human resource management in a particular country Essay

A critical study of human resource management in a particular country - Essay Example These differences can be clearly noted and visualized in the fields pertaining to the management of any organization. This paper explores the reasons as to how human resource (HR) and employment practices reflect a distinct demarcation in the policies and the values adopted by organizations across geographical boundaries. India presents a diversified market and business economy and the country has proved to be a lucrative market to the entrepreneurs for investment in business. The human resource management (HRM) practices in the country assume interesting dimensions owing to its diversities and complexities existing in the business environment. The study presents an in-depth assessment of the HRM practices in this country. India is considered to be one of the robust and emerging economics in the world. Many companies overseas are considering India as an epicenter for outsourcing jobs. Indian firms are continuously expanding by adopting the corporate strategy, other financial and mana gement aspects in order to buy sell or merge two companies to form an entirely new entity. This is quite evident from the fact that in the year 1997, Indian companies as a whole had bought 34 foreign companies for about $11 billion dollars. This has been possible primarily because of the rise in capital investment and labor force. It is speculated that by the year 2020, India will add 18 million labors which is more than the entire labor population of Germany (Chatterjee, 2007). This huge labor population has called for an entirely new, reformed and an advanced version of HR concepts and practices in India. Institutional context in human resource management – an overview of theories According to the Concise Oxford English Dictionary (2002), an institution is defined as â€Å"an official organization with an important role in a country† or â€Å"an organization founded for a religious, educational, or social purpose† (Hollinshead, 2009, p24). Globalization has tr iggered widespread changes in existing institutional structures within economies. The changes in institutional frameworks and governance practices on account of globalization have fuelled debates and controversies regarding the efficacy and viability of such changes. A number of economic theories and concepts have shaped the economic and social order of countries that provide an idealized platform for economic growth and development (Rodrik, 2007). Adam Smith in his works The Wealth of Nations outlined the doctrine of Neo-liberalism in the year 1776. According to this doctrine the market forces have an inherent capacity of allocating and utilizing the resources according to its own desired way which can restrict and endanger the distribution and usage of wealth. The capital and the labor forces should have a freedom of movement; they should have the flexibility to work anywhere (Hollinshead, 2009). Every individual should pursue their self –interest only in rightful way and i s accountable for his or her own action. Thus according to Adam Smith, the state should not interfere with the movement or the behavior of the labor or capital. There should be no restrictions on the trade and the economic transactions should be allowed to act freely without any resistance by the government (Abbott, 2008). Neo –corporatist ideology, whose ideas and views are quite contrary to the neo-liberalism focuses on the usage and the importance of the state with regards to meeting the interest of the major and influential social groups who are dealing with the human resources and the capital intensive products and services. According to the theory the uncontrolled and non restricted market forces may generate uneven and unpredictable results. This may give

How the US corperate tax effects international business Essay

How the US corperate tax effects international business - Essay Example The United Kingdom corporations can export its products to the United States marketplace. German corporations can sell products and services to the Saudi Arabian marketplace. The Canada corporations can sell products to the current and future customers in California or New York. The United States corporations may import raw materials from China. The United States corporations can convert the imported raw materials into a new saleable product. The United States corporations can sell the new saleable products to two markets. The first market is the local United States marketplace, and the second market is the international marketplace. All countries form part of the United States companies’ international business environment. Consequently, importing countries pay tariffs and duties for the imported goods. In the United States, Section 482 of the United States Tax Code shows the different importing liabilities (Paul 239). Further, the United States corporate tax affects internati onal business. With higher tax rates, there is lesser cash inflow percentages applied to selling the United States companies’ products in the global marketplace. ... With the tax rate at 15 percent, the United States corporations can only allocate 85 percent of the total annual taxable income to producing and selling the companies’ products and services in the global marketplace (Whittenburg and Altus (2010) 35). Higher United States taxes discourage imports into the United States market With the high tax rates, companies located in other countries may be discouraged from selling their products in the United States market. Some corporations located in United Kingdom will prefer to sell their products locally because the local corporate tax rate (30 percent) is lower than the United States corporate tax rate (39 percent), reducing United States imports. Likewise, several corporations located in Canada will prefer to sell their goods within Canada because the local corporate tax rate (36 percent) is lower than the United States corporate tax rate (39 percent), lessening United States imports. Some corporations located in Ireland are persuade d to sell their products within Ireland because exporting their products into the United States marketplace with unfavorably higher 39 percent corporate tax profits is less profitable (Whittenburg and Altus (2010) 35). With higher tax rates, the exporting countries will receive lesser after tax cash inflows from selling their products current to future customers in the United States (Whittenburg and Altus (2010) 453). Tax rate adjustments will increase United States imports To increase the United States imports, the United States government must institute better tax rates. The United States government must lower the United States tax rates to more allowable levels. The United States government can lower the tax rates to a figure that will be near to the 30 tax rate level. This

Analyse Friends Essay Example for Free

Analyse Friends Essay You have been watching various episodes of the popular sitcom FRIENDS. Using this to support your essay, think about the idea of sitcom? What is it? Why is it so popular? Analyse FRIENDS taking into consideration, stereotyping, representation, audience and the sitcom genre. Friends is an American sitcom based in glamorous city, New York. Like most sitcoms from America, this has been a hit all over the world. Friends are about six people in their mid-twenties doing every day things. Theres fusspot Monica (Courtney Cox Arquette), Clueless Phoebe (Lisa Kudrow), Shopaholic Rachel (Jennifer Aniston), Sweet, neurotic Ross (David Schwimmer) and hunky Joey (Matt Le Blanc). And then theres wisecracking Chandler (Matthew Perry). They all live in New York, in expensive and desirable apartments. This conveys to as viewers that their lives are very busy, normal and they are well off with good jobs. Joey and Chandler share an apartment together and across the hallway live Rachel and Monica. Phoebe and Ross live some where else but in the later series Ross moves in to an apartment that is opposite Chandler and Monicas block, the very same apartment where the big fat ugly naked guy used to live! He was a character who always parades around his apartment in the nude. In one episode they tried to poke him taped up chopsticks all the way from they apartment block. I think his purpose, as a character is to show that we all get weird neighbours but we all are the same and all run different lives. This is evidence on how comedy is created, showing things that we would never do or even dream of doing, but we can see the consequences straight from our black box in the lounge. Rachel is the sexy one. She is fashion conscious, always wears nice clothes. Shes really sensitive, cries really easily and always forgetful. She went to high school with Monica. Rachel was about to marry her boyfriend Barry but dumped him at the altar. This perhaps is stereotyping that a young beautiful girls should maybe have more boyfriends before they got married, having a bit of fun. She later met up with Monica and is staying in her apartment, taking over Phoebes room, as she couldnt stand Monicas cleanness any more, which resulted, to her moving. This is a stereotypical images stating that blondes have more fun and must make mess in order to be normal. She is represented by her looking her best at all times and with the best hair dos that all teenage girls would die for. Her parents are really wealthy and she used to live off them. But her friends made her get a job as a waitress in cafi called Central Perk, where they all socialise. As everyone needs to set off by themselves and grow up in the real world. Monica is the clean one. She is obsessed with cleanliness/hygiene and is always cleaning up after her friends. She was very overweight when she was at high school but fought that and is now very slim. This represents that if you want to lose weight, never give up because she did it. This also shows that teenage girls worry about a their appearance a lot as they are teased and bullied at school and results to how far it will take to change their look and image and be normal. Shes also skilful at sports and is a perfectionist; shes got to be the best and always needs to win. This obsession could have been triggered by her success in losing so much weight, which could have made her in believe any dream is worth chasing for, because you will reach it eventually. Monica s wonderful at cooking as she is a chef at a restaurant, but it wasnt easy at first as in her first job, all her colleagues wanted to kill her! Or at least it seemed that way. But she fights her way through, as once, she shouts at them as she couldnt take it any more, and they immediately listen to her. She is represented by always dressing smartly, and is the more mature one of the group. Phoebe is the weird one. She always says strange and bizarre things that have nothing to do with the subject that her friends are talking about. She comes from a strange background, She lived on the streets when she was a kid, her brother (Frank) likes to burn stuff and she has a twin sister called Ursula in which Joey falls in love with at one point. She plays the guitar and comes up with weird and wacky songs like her famous Smelly cat, which she plays in Central Perk. She is represented as stereotypical veggie She loves animals and wouldnt hurt them but in one episode she wore a minx coat but didnt really mind as she said minxes are horrible, this adds to the humour, as she is known to love all living things good or bad and there we see her wearing animal fur. I think she just might be putting on an act to look nice. She is superstitious as she is a bit psychic and she thought a cat was her mum. This is stereotyping blondes by making out that she is a dizzy blonde and is a bit slow at sometimes. Phoebe hasnt got a stable job as its different all the time. They range from a masseuse to collecting money for the poor to selling dead Christmas trees. Joey is the slow-witted one. When someone tells a joke it takes a while for Joey to understand which just adds to the humour. Hes the one who mostly brings back girls to his bachelor pad, which annoys Chandler, as he doesnt get much luck with woman. This is stereotype that Italians are all hunks and womanisers. Can also be described as a Casanova. The Italian Stallion loves sports, especially American Football, Basketball, Baseball and Ice Hockey. He is quite childish as he makes up games like Ultimate Fireball where a ball is on fire and you have to flick it through a hoop. Joey comes from a large Italian family, which consists of his parents and his 7 sisters. Hes a struggling actor, who has started off in a commercial advertising a milk pourer, plays and then in a soap called Day Of Our Lives which he plays a neurosurgeon. But the produces reviled him so they killed him off by making him fall down an elevator shaft. He is represented by having very amusing phrases How you doin which fits into the situation perfectly when he says it. Chandler is the funny one. Hes the one that cracks jokes to people and makes fun of them. He is best friends with Joey and shares an apartment with him. But the friendship was hanging by a thread at one point when chandler slept with one of Joeys girlfriend. But made up later as true friends do as the sitcom shows the ups and downs of friendship. Joey and him love watching Baywatch and have even set his alarm on his microwave to the time it starts so they wont miss it. This is stereotypical as they are saying two single men in their earlier twenties, with their testosterone running high, would to all this trouble just to gulp at a slim female body running on a beach. He is well educated and has a stable job. But they stereotype him by him having another side of him. He is also very sarcastic, which shows he is a insecure person inside and has to make fun of others for him to feel good. He comes from a broken family where his father left him when he was young and his mum smokes a lot and he was mainly neglected during his childhood. This shows that every one comes from different backgrounds and that we should respect that. He is represented by having a lot gestures with the hands and the jokes he cracks to his friends. Ross is the dinosaur guy. He seems to be unlucky with girls. He has three unsuccessful marriages already! His first wife, Susan, turned out to be a lesbian but he had already had a child with her. His second wife, Emily, and him were doing very well and tied the knot, but when saying each other names in the marriage process, he blurted out Rachel instead of Emily. His third wife, a girlfriend for years, Rachel, and him, were in Las Vegas visiting Joey and his new job. Things got a bit out of hand including a huge amount alcohol, which forced them to stumble to a cheap marriage service where got wedded there. This unusual situation just adds to the humour of the show! Throughout the show we see how he copes with this, but it seems he is doing fine thanks to his best friends giving him some advice. Representing that friends are always there for you, you just have to ask. He is sophisticated and well educated, like his sister. He is a palaeontologist, which is the study of past geological periods and fossils. His parents are more fond of him over Monica, although Monica tries so hard to change their views, which reflects real life sibling rivalry where there is always a favourite child. He is represented by constantly changing the tone of his voice to suit the mood he is in, mostly very whiney. Sitcom is informal situation comedy. It is based on realistic situation that happen in our everyday lives. But some how makes it funny and pleasant for the viewers to watch. I think Friends target their audience at 15 35 years olds because this is the time where you need your friends the most. When you start finding a job or wanting a shoulder to cry on, your friends are always there to help. Friends show that if you dont have any friends, you dont get to do what they do on the show. Friends is set in New York, the largest city in the United States. The States are filled with cars, people and their famous yellow taxis, as there are more than 11 million people that live there. Their apartments are on the Island of Manhattan where some of the worlds tallest skyscrapers tower above its streets. Chandler and Monicas apartment block is on top of their favourite hang out, Central Perk. Their apartments are quite modern and new as we can see from the inside. In Monica and Rachels apartment there is nothing you wont find in a normal home. They have a balcony, two bedrooms, one bathroom and a lounge and kitchen that are attached together. Their apartment is quite large where as Chandlers and Joeys are much smaller. They dont have a balcony but everything else is the same. They have a foosball table that doubles as a dining table, so they can play and eat at the same time! They also have two leather chairs, a homemade unit (by Joey) and a duck and a chicken running around. Joey calls it his Bachelor Pad but Monica criticizes him How many girls have you actually brought up here? I find that American sitcoms are much better and more amusing than the British sitcoms. And American ones are much more successful. We can look at Friends and Men Behaving Badly for example. Friends can be seen all over the world, I went to Hong Kong and they were showing it on TV. Men Behaving Badly can only be seen in the UK. This could be because the produces of Men behaving Badly had their target audience on the English viewers and only intended the program to be watched by the Brits and no one else. Where as Friends may have targeted a worldwide audience at the beginning and started from there. But all of the best sitcom that are successful all tend to be American ones. Its just something about their comedy that we cant resist. Also Friends is filmed with a live audience, which shows Friends is more professional in a way as we, the audience, can see what they get up to while filming, seeing all the outtakes. Men Behaving Badly is filmed in an enclosed studio with only the crew inside. Camera angles play a very important part in a sitcom; the mood, the angle and the way it is shot can change the whole scene into a good or bad one. In Series 4 Episode 1 The One With The Jelly Fish the sitcom friends starts off with a taster of what is to follow after the title music, it shows you a bit of the action before it actual starts, just to get the audience going and getting them worked up. It starts off with Joey telling us what happened previously about the story of the whole Ross and Rachel thing. We see Joeys whole body, lying on the ground. Then it shows us clips of it, with Joey narrative guiding us through the scenes. He speaks in a fast pace to show how exciting this is and makes us listen up closely. After the title music, there is an establishing shot of the beach house they were staying at. In Ross and Rachels conversation, when Ross asks Rachel a question, there is immediately a fade in shot of Rachels reaction. It was a mid shot so we could see Rachels facial expressions and the gestures she conducts to occupy her line. Which helps us understand the true meaning. In sitcoms, I found out that they mostly use a mid shot to film the scenes. Because this angle shows everything, the actors and the background, without losing any detail of the other when using another angle. While watching that episode, I noticed that they only use a long shot when someone is entering or leaving the room. Like when Ross entered the room to meet Rachel, the Camera switched to a long shot, to see both their whole body, walking together towards the middle and kiss. This method is to show maybe what they are wearing on that episode to give the wardrobe manger some credit! They also use a lot of establishing shots to set the scene that is to follow. They have establishing shots of the apartment block they live in and the city life. American sitcoms tend to have more sexual diminuendos than British ones. I think this makes it a lot more funnier and in whole a better sitcom. I think Friends is so successful because it deals with universal themes Falling in love, falling out of love, getting a job, losing a job Stuff that everybody can relate to. Fact During the last season, Friends became the most watched sitcom in the world, viewed by more than 30 million people in the US and Britain alone.

Julius Caesar - Mark Antony :: essays research papers

Mark Antony The character of Mark Antony from Shakespeare’s play Julius Caesar may be viewed as simply the confident and devoted supporter of Julius Caesar. On the contrary, Antony presents the qualities of a shrewd flatterer, a ruthless tyrant, as well as a loyal follower. Antony’s characteristics will change as the play progresses. He will begin using flattery to get what he wants, but he will eventually depend on his powerful relentlessness. Furthermore, Antony uses these various attributes to make him successful. Throughout the play, Antony uses flattering to achieve his goals. Following the assassination of Caesar, Antony quickly grasps that he must deal with Brutus, and he has the shrewdness to take advantage of Brutus’s gullibility. Antony has his servant say, "Brutus is noble, wise, valiant, and honest" (III i 126). From this point, it is clear that Antony intends to flatter Brutus and to work upon those personal qualities of Brutus which represent his fundamental weaknesses. Antony then comes to the Capitol where he further flatters the conspirators by shaking their hands and saying, "Friends am I with you all, and love you all..." (III i 220). This act symbolizes that Antony has made a new friendship with the conspirators, but in reality, he is plotting to seek revenge so he can take over Rome. Antony is also able to flatter the vast angry crowd in order to get his way. He is first able to get the crowd to feel sorry for him. This feeling is evident when the second plebeian says, "Poor soul, his eyes are red as fire with weeping" (III ii 116). Antony is then able to turn the people in the crowd against Brutus by teasing them with Caesar’s will. Antony says, "And being men, hearing the will of Caesar, it will inflame you, it will make you mad" (III ii 144-145). This blandishment provokes an immediate response of the crowd demanding that Antony read Caesar’s will. Although Antony uses flattery to get what he wants, he will also show respect for others with his devotion and loyalty. One of the most significant characteristics of Mark Antony is his strong, affectionate loyalty to Julius Caesar. Antony’s devotion to Caesar extends beyond a simple friendship, but politically as well. This fact is best recognized when he offers Caesar the crown of Rome three times in the beginning of the play. This act shows that Antony is dedicated to Caesar because he is quite willing to serve under the rule of an ambitious tyrant. Immediately following the assassination of Caesar, Antony acts as though he Julius Caesar - Mark Antony :: essays research papers Mark Antony The character of Mark Antony from Shakespeare’s play Julius Caesar may be viewed as simply the confident and devoted supporter of Julius Caesar. On the contrary, Antony presents the qualities of a shrewd flatterer, a ruthless tyrant, as well as a loyal follower. Antony’s characteristics will change as the play progresses. He will begin using flattery to get what he wants, but he will eventually depend on his powerful relentlessness. Furthermore, Antony uses these various attributes to make him successful. Throughout the play, Antony uses flattering to achieve his goals. Following the assassination of Caesar, Antony quickly grasps that he must deal with Brutus, and he has the shrewdness to take advantage of Brutus’s gullibility. Antony has his servant say, "Brutus is noble, wise, valiant, and honest" (III i 126). From this point, it is clear that Antony intends to flatter Brutus and to work upon those personal qualities of Brutus which represent his fundamental weaknesses. Antony then comes to the Capitol where he further flatters the conspirators by shaking their hands and saying, "Friends am I with you all, and love you all..." (III i 220). This act symbolizes that Antony has made a new friendship with the conspirators, but in reality, he is plotting to seek revenge so he can take over Rome. Antony is also able to flatter the vast angry crowd in order to get his way. He is first able to get the crowd to feel sorry for him. This feeling is evident when the second plebeian says, "Poor soul, his eyes are red as fire with weeping" (III ii 116). Antony is then able to turn the people in the crowd against Brutus by teasing them with Caesar’s will. Antony says, "And being men, hearing the will of Caesar, it will inflame you, it will make you mad" (III ii 144-145). This blandishment provokes an immediate response of the crowd demanding that Antony read Caesar’s will. Although Antony uses flattery to get what he wants, he will also show respect for others with his devotion and loyalty. One of the most significant characteristics of Mark Antony is his strong, affectionate loyalty to Julius Caesar. Antony’s devotion to Caesar extends beyond a simple friendship, but politically as well. This fact is best recognized when he offers Caesar the crown of Rome three times in the beginning of the play. This act shows that Antony is dedicated to Caesar because he is quite willing to serve under the rule of an ambitious tyrant. Immediately following the assassination of Caesar, Antony acts as though he

Dialog in a cafeteria near the office of Victoria and Abigail

One Saturday afternoon in a cafeteria near the office of Victoria and Abigail, they scheduled themselves to unwind and take a look to what really is going on in the realm they are into. Abigail unconsciously uttered what tremendous circumstance that is happening around her in the office and she simply takes into account the attitude of being bullshit is scattered in their working area, â€Å"As I join my officemate, I can’t help but just listen to the bullshit topic they are apt to† â€Å"You know, that was so rampant in the environment that we have, isn’t it? † Victoria shows her feelings as she grabs her cup of coffee.The two girls relate with each other as they exchanged insight as regards to the huge fuzz of bullshit thing. Abigail exemplify â€Å"You know girl, the thought of being bullshit lies on the fact that it is beyond the lies that we make, it is more alarming because you are doing beyond what you think is true† â€Å"What you mean Abig ail? † â€Å"What I am trying to embark here is that the verity that you lie, you actually knew that you are doing the wrong thing but it is different when you are talking about something without caring whether it is factual or not† Abigail expounds as she has a second thought behind her mind what is Victoria is thinking about.â€Å"What are you thinking about? † Abigail asked. Victoria responded, â€Å"Well, nothing besides the realization of what you are trying to implore†. â€Å"In actuality Victoria, it is more alarming than we think how being bullshit destruct one’s personality†, Abigail is provoking the feelings of Victoria towards the subject matter. â€Å"You know girl, the air in our environment in the office is very unscrupulous† Victoria is listening intensely to what Abigail is about to share. Abigail continues, â€Å"One of my officemates is claiming that she is rich and to the point that she is acting like a real oneâ₠¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"Really, how come you say that? † â€Å"It was quite obvious that she is not and she is just making a bullshit gesture. You know, there were times that we are just talking about our experiences in the office as we handle our client and answering their queries, all of a sudden she will make a huge fuzz out of nowhere about her new condominium†. Abigail added, â€Å"It’s not that we are envious of her but obviously, it is not related to the topic most especially, we are all aware that it is not true and she is just acting like a rich fellow† â€Å"That was terrible! † Victoria reacted.â€Å"Absolutely, that’s why we usually get annoyed of her actions† Abigail really wanted to hear Victoria’s insights as to the matter of bullshit because in the realm they are distressing, it is quite everywhere and everybody is getting into the angle of the phenomenon. As the conversation of the two becomes intense, they did not notice tha t they spend almost two hours just tackling what bullshit in their eyes is. Of course, the subject matter is truly controversial because we can never deny the fact how we usually use such word to our daily encounters in our lives.Going back to the cafeteria where Abigail and Victoria are exchanging their views, Victoria cannot take holding her emotions and reacted completely to what was Abigail is talking about earlier. She never hesitated to counterfeit what was Abigail’s scrutiny in relation to bullshit measures. â€Å"I agree with you when you say that it happens in our nature nowadays that bullshit is everywhere and we cannot do anything sometimes even if we condemn the act†, Victoria uttered.Abigail is listening on what Victoria is about to take note. â€Å"Bullshit was established in the context of the discourse and not in intentions of the speaker per se† Victoria exemplifies as she eagerly expound what she is thinking as Abigail is talking earlier. Abiga il is listening attentively to Victoria as she sips her coffee, accordingly she reacted â€Å"what views you are apt to when you mention that it is in the context of the beholder’s speech and not in the intention of the speaker that bullshit arises? †Victoria act in response â€Å"consider the norms of politics as those in authority consistently delivering how their nations are coping with the tremendous change in this time and age, however they fail to take a look on several issues of corruption that tends to depreciate the stability of their nation. The bullshit context of the authority’s approach to changing nation despite their unintentional gesture was quite dishonest and considered a bullshit act. Parallel to this, acting inappropriately by holding into corruption was undeniably unprincipled†It seems that the two girls are showing their perception to the phenomenal acts of being bullshit. Indeed, the different approach that they believed in truly de picts a sense of formulating a specific theory towards the anomaly of being bullshit. Abigail is wondering how deep Victoria’s attitude towards their subject matter. She cannot hide in her inner self if at some point in her conversation with her friend that their views meet. It is good to take note the buzz about being bullshit nowadays, may it be on the fact that you acted the wrong and unaccepted way or the fact that your views contributes on being a bullshit material.Either way, the theories at hand might contribute to the understanding of what this is all about. As the two girls continues to talk about what they encounter in their work and in the nation that they belong, they can’t hinder themselves to weigh who has the most reasonable consideration to what they are talking about. Abigail insisted that by being bullshit, it come to light the fact that you neglect what is true and believe in yourself that you are doing the right thing even if you just decoded what r eally is true and what is not.On another account, Victoria uttered that it goes with the content of what you say that makes person a bullshit one. Unintentionally we do and say things which are oppose to our norms but we do not intend to sound like bullshit but by not controlling our selves, we make project such attitude. In realism, the perception of Abigail matters a she define bullshit by being neglect able of what is right and wrong. It has been said that it is most dangerous to be bullshit than to make lies and this is what Abigail shares to her friend. As they exchanged their views, the girls got enlightened by their topic and they just bonded all night long.

Heuristics and Bias

Before meeting with the people at Volvo, I spoke to my supervisor regarding this assignment and my choice. His initial reaction was one of judgment heuristic and availability heuristic. He felt strongly with his convictions about a Volvo due to the experience his brother-in-law had with one and went In to great length on why. Judgment heuristic was shown here for my supervisor made his assessment and judgment of probability simpler and availability heuristic was shown here for he also used what his brother-in-law experienced which Is the process of perception and memory in the imagination.This information was available and fresh in his mind the moment Volvo was mentioned. He did not use information from consumer reports, but Instead used availability heuristic to refer to his brother-in-laws case and based his judgment on that. Events that are easily available within ones mind are more likely judged and to occur according to this heuristic. The biases, which are caused within availab ility heuristic, are the bias due to the easy retirement of the instances where the supervisor was able to retrieve Just one case against the negative of the Volvo.Also, notice the bias due to effectiveness of the search for the recall process. Many events are hard to recall and some are memorable such as mistakes and errors, there is a bias in the search set itself. Another bias was manageability, which played a role in the evaluation of probability in real life situations (Starker, 2007). An example I would say to him to help in Influencing his decision to a positive about Evolved would be to share a story with him regarding my recent bad experience at a four star restaurant called Blue Fish, when I ate bad shrimp.This does not mean this restaurant Is bad, It Just meaner I had one bad experience, I will either try steak or try the shrimp again for their service, drinks and appetizer were great. This does not mean I will go to my friends and family and say that this restaurant Is b ad do not eat there, for In all honestly It Is not a bad restaurant and it Just so happens I had one bad shrimp that resulted in an upset stomach. I would end this example with a question of â€Å"who has this not happened to t any restaurant where one NAS and bad t one time or another? The type tot heuristic that will be employed here to influence my supervisor will be adjustment and anchoring. When adjusting ones beliefs in light of new information there needs to be solid evidence against it. Insufficient adjustment due to anchoring can lead to mistakes. I believe the research I have done is solid information to prayers and influence my supervisor to help change his mind regarding Vole's (Plops, Chip. 13, 1993).When I meet with my supervisor once again, I will influence his decision about Vole's with these facts and statistics such as: with more storage space, redesigned due to feedback from past years, premium small sedan new safety features with more horsepower, a blind spot in formation system as added as well as a new automatic hazard warning additional optional fun gadgets such as SIRIUS Satellite Radio and high performance audio system (new holds its own against other sport automobiles, cars', 2007), for most buyers, the standard suspension setup provides plenty of thrills while providing more cushioning over potholes when driving along, while yes it may not have the prestige or athleticism of its German foes, this Volvo costs less, has style with a premium feel, with upgrades added the price may go up, but for a company car one should be reasonable, the base engine will be perfectly adequate ND basic package, this Volvo has slightly better fuel economy than the 2. 41 (Edmunds, 2007), Keeping in mind while all vehicles have their quirks and hiccup one should personally test-drive a vehicle before forming an opinion on what he or she thinks.With all the pros and cons, many people will form their own decisions in the end. The few that I have researched h ave said that the Volvo S'40 is refined, classy, great and runs Just fine. Even without a slightly more powerful engine, it is as much of a â€Å"real† Volvo as any car is a â€Å"real† car. By utilizing the heuristic strategy f anchoring and adjustment, I feel that I can show my supervisor that what happened to his brother-in-law has happened to many with any vehicle. I would have him ponder on that for a bit, while at the same time showing him what others have to say about the Volvo. I would inform him of the research I did through nectars. Com, Edmunds. Com, and Flavors. Com.By informing him of this, I am using multiple anchor points to help make the final decision that the Volvo is the way to go. When one makes or Judges something or someone based on vividness or recent events, they employ availability heuristic. To help one change their mind or point of view we want to anchor the way adjustment is used and when a decision needs to be made it is made by adjustments to this anchor or starting point. The use of anchoring and adjustment may work in many cases such as this, but at times will not always weigh enough to other factors (Plops, Chip. 13, 1993). References AAU Online. (De. ). (ca. 2006). Unit 3: Heuristics and Bias [multimedia presentation]. Hoffman Estates, IL: AAU Online.

MPO (nan myat thuzar win) Assessment 1 Essays - Free Essays

MPO (nan myat thuzar win) Assessment 1 Essays - Free Essays 1. A goal is a future expectation or desired future state. Goals are in important role of every organization. Organizations are trying to achieve goals. Activities of organizations are formed due to goals. Therefore, goals are influences on motivation. Moreover, goals are translated in objectives and policies. Objectives can be defined as what and policies as how, when, and where. Objectives are a part of a goal and more specific than goal. They are potential to get goals. In fact, objectives are divided into general and specific. Top management determines general objectives and specific objectives are operated in scope of general objectives. Policies are implements of goals and objectives. They direct strategies to meet goals and objectives. For instant, policies are such as rules, plans and procedures. Policies segment roles and obligations of mangers and members of staff. They also control the behaviors of organization. Additionally, external factors such as government can affect upon the policies. According to Scotia Airway, they may keep target for many goals. As case study, they aim to provide exceptional value for money, unparalleled comfort and convenience to its passengers, every time they are on board and also offer value added services, such as, valets to assist passengers in boarding the plane, gourmet meals and a range of in-flight services and entertainment as specific objectives. Additionally, Scotia Airways provide business class services at price that is equivalent to price of economy class services of other competitors as services goals. The investors have set an ambitious project for expansion over the next 5 years to include long haul destinations. These are some specific objectives to achieve main goals as outsourcing their airways to major business center in Eastern Europe and Middle and Far East. Management is fundamental to effective operation of work organizations. It is also an integral part of the people-organization relationship. A key driving force of the success of these airways is the management focus upon the level and quality of service output. Senior management agrees output targets with middle and junior managers and staff, and allow the operational planning to be determined by those managers and employees then populate the details into the plan. A culture of trust has been emphasized and developed by management and workers and this has served to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency and overall performance of business. This is leading to positive working relationship within and different departments by positive management approach and wide ranging reward policies. The company is regarded as a family-style business. 2. Organization can be viewed as open systems in continual interaction with external environment of which they are part. There are a number of sub-systems interrelating and interacting with each other: task, technology, structure, people and management. In open system, organizations take input from environment and through a series of activities transform these inputs into outputs to achieve some objectives. Therefore, environmental facts influence upon the open system. They are economics, legislations, competitions, shareholders and culture. Moreover, output are measured by goals and it will effect on input. As Scotia Airways, for example, they take in resources such as people, finance, raw materials, premises, equipment and information from its environment as inputs and process inputs. Finally, these inputs transfer into outputs as services in regarding to achieve goals such as customer satisfaction. 3. The informal organizations arise from the interaction of people, their psychological and social needs the development of groups with their own relationship and norms of behavior. Informal organizations can exit within formal organizations. The formal organizations are defined by Schein as: The planned co-ordination of the activities of a number of people for the achievement of same common goals through the division of labor and function and through a hierarchy of authority and responsibilities. The following are some differences of informal and formal organizations. Origin Structures Goals Control Influences Size Communication Stability Duties and responsibilities Benefits for members 4. Stakeholders are interested in and are effected by goals, operation, and activities of the organization. They have a large variety of interest on organization. For example, they are under the following roles. 1.Employees 2.Providers of finance 3.Customers 4.Community and environment 5.Government 6.Other organizations or group. As case study, four primary of stakeholders are Employees Without employees, there will not be any organization. Organizations and employees need and influence each other. Responsibilities of